The Pyramid Power

A look at the Sumerians and some of their technology

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Cairo/Ciaro (Arabic: القاهرة‎ transliteration: Al-Qahirah), which means “The Vanquisher” or “The Triumphant”, is the capital city of Egypt. While Al-Qahirah is the official name of the city, in Egyptian Arabic it is typically called simply by the name of the country, Masr (Egypt). It has a metropolitan area population of officially about 11.1 million people. Today, Greater Cairo encompasses various historic towns and modern districts into one of the most populous cities in the world. A journey through Cairo is a virtual time travel: from the Pyramids, Saladin’s Citadel, the Virgin Mary’s Tree, the Sphinx, and ancient Heliopolis, to Al-Azhar, the Mosque of Amr ibn al-A’as, Saqqara, the Hanging Church, and the Cairo Tower. It is the Capital of Egypt, and indeed its history is intertwined with that of the country. Today, Cairo’s official name is Al-Qahira (Cairo), although the name informally used by most Egyptians is “Masr” (Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt). [edit] Era of the Pharaohs (BC 3500 – BC 30) The Great Sphinx of Giza is in Giza near Cairo The Great Sphinx of Giza is in Giza near Cairo Long before the pyramids were built, Egypt’s northern and southern territories were ruled separately. It was about 5000 years ago that a young prince by the name of Narmer (Menes) unified the Red (North) and White (South) kingdoms and became Egypt’s first Pharaoh. As brilliant a politician as he was a warrior, Narmer chose the site of Memphis as his capital. The city was situated at the then Nile Delta tip, along the North-South border, and about 25 km south of today’s downtown Cairo. For the next 800 years or so, the first Capital of the ancient Egyptians prospered under the rule of Zoser, Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), Menkaure (Mycerinus), Unas, and others. It became one of the most influential and powerful cities in the world, and housed one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Great Pyramid of Giza. Constructed on the Giza plateau, a necropolis of the city of Memphis on the Nile’s west bank, the three Great Pyramids are the ultimate manifestation of political stability and power of the ruler during the Third and Fourth Dynasties. Khufu’s son built 2 of the Giza pyramids.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo

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Japan’s Underwater Pyramids or Ruins as they have become to be known are a mystery. In all, around eight sites have been discovered.

Introduction

The island of Yonaguni, near Okinawa, Japan has long been a favorite diving spot for swimmers try to get a glance of the numerous hammerhead sharks that swim there. However, in 1995 underwater explorer Kihachirou Aratake found a very large, strange structure under the water. Lying about 60 feet deep, the structure appeared to be man-made. Large steps could be seen, blocks of rock cut at right angles and smoothed. The discovery would send shock waves through the archaeological world.

Ruins

Japan’s Underwater Pyramids or Ruins as they have become to be known are a mystery. In all, around eight sites have been discovered. There are certain features that are very hard to dismiss as natural occurrences. Such as a large, semi-circular structure [1] that almost looks like a park bench. Then there is a large head [2] which appears to have hair and a head dress carved into it. There are also numerous round holes carved into the rock, including some that look as though they were made to support large wooden poles [3]. Again, these are just hard to dismiss, including this head with eyes carved out of it [4]. As stated, the structures are lying on the seabed, around 60 to 100 feet below the surface. So who created them? The last time that these areas were not covered by the ocean was between approximately 8 to 12 thousand years ago, during the last ice age when much of the sea was caught up in the ice caps. At the time Yonaguni formed a landbridge with Taiwan, leading many to speculate that the area is part of the lost continent of Mu, or Lemuria.

Geologists’ and archaeologists’ views

Many geologists and archaeologists contend that the structures are fully natural phenomenon. They point out to the fact that above the sea surface, examples of erosion causing the rocks to form right angles can be seen now. Also they cite that there have been no tools found at any of the pyramids, which would pretty conclusively show that the structures were made by human hands. Also of interest, is that the structures, if man-made, would predate any man-made structures found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China. This has many archaeologists and historians upset, as it would mean that the accepted chronological series of human civilization and developement is wrong. It is also noted that skeptics of the pyramid theory say that the rocks have been smoothed by coral. There is one big problem though with the natural formation theory, and that is that there is no rubble to be found at the bases of these structures, which would be expected if erosion was shearing the rock at right angles.

Another theory that is forwarded is that much of the structures are indeed naturally formed, and that early humans used them and did do some carving on them. It is argued that the most of the steps on the pyramids are much too large for people to climb as well.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Tinwiki article “Japan’s Underwater Pyramids”

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The magnificent ancient city of pyramids at Caral in Peru hit the headlines in 2001. The site is a thousand years older than the earliest known civilisation in the Americas and, at 2,627 BC, is as old as the pyramids of Egypt. Many now believe it is the fabled missing link of archaeology – a ‘mother city’. If so, then these extraordinary findings could finally answer one of the great questions of archaeology: why did humans become civilised? A lot has been discussed since this was put out. From Seattle Times (December 23, 2004): “A Peruvian site previously reported as the oldest city in the Americas actually is a much larger complex of as many as 20 cities with huge pyramids and sunken plazas sprawled over three river valleys, researchers report.” Construction began in 3000 B.C (300-400 years before the people of Kemet/Egypt began the Pyramid of Djoser). These cities flourished peacefully for more than 1,200 years.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/caral.shtml

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Manmade blocks on Bosnian Pyramid Of Sun.

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Bosnian Pyramids (The Pyramid of the Moon)

This video shows the smaller of the Bosnian Pyramids, the Pyramid of the Moon. Bosnia Pyramid.

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Movie from the excavations.

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First European Pyramid Discovered In BOSNIA – Pt 1of2

First European Pyramid Discovered In BOSNIA – Pt 2of2

The Bosnian Pyramid, Visocica Hill, is the first European pyramid to be discovered and is located in the heart of Bosnia, in the town of Visoko. The pyramid has all the elements: four perfectly shaped slopes pointing toward the cardinal points, a flat top and an entrance complex. On top of the pyramid are also the ruins of a Medieval walled town, once the base of a Bosnian king Tvrtko of Kotromanic (1338-1391). Because of its similarities to the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico, it has been named the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Bosanska Piramida Sunca). There are also a four more ancient structures on the site, the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (Bosanska Piramida Mjeseca), Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon (Bosanska Piramida Zmaja), Bosnian Pyramid of the Love (\’Bosanska Piramida Ljubavi) and Temple of the Earth, (Hram Zemlje). We have already dug out stone blocks which I believe are covering the pyramid, said Semir (Sam) Osmanagic, a Bosnian American archaeologist who has spent the last 15 years studying the pyramids of Latin America. We found a paved entrance plateau and discovered underground tunnels.

Bosnian pyramids

“Pyramid of the Sun” & “Pyramid of the Moon”

Bosnian pyramids refers to an area located around Visočica hill (or Grad hill), in the Bosnia and Herzegovina town of Visoko, northwest of Sarajevo (located at 43°58′40″N 18°10′38″E), which became the focus of international attention in October 2005 following a news-media campaign promoting the false idea that it is actually the largest of a group of ancient man-made pyramids.

Scientific investigations of the site show that there is no pyramid there.[1][2][3] Additionally, scientists have criticised the Bosnian authorities for supporting the pyramid claim saying, “This scheme is a cruel hoax on an unsuspecting public and has no place in the world of genuine science.”[4]

The 213 metre Visočica hill, upon which the Old town of Visoki was once sited, is roughly pyramid-shaped. The idea that it constitutes an ancient artificial edifice was publicised by Houston-based expatriate Bosnian author and metalworker Semir Osmanagić, whose subsequent excavations at the site have uncovered what he claims to be a paved entrance plateau and tunnels, as well as stone blocks and ancient mortar which he has suggested once covered the structure. Osmanagić has claimed that the dig involved an international team of archaeologists from Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Scotland and Slovenia.[5] However, many archaeologists he named have stated they had not agreed to participate and were never at the site.[6] The dig began in April 2006.

Contents

    * 1 Interpretation
          o 1.1 Osmanagić’s interpretation
          o 1.2 Expert interpretations
    * 2 References
    * 3 Images from the excavation sites
          o 3.1 “Pyramid of the Sun”
          o 3.2 “Pyramid of the Moon”
    * 4 See also
    * 5 External links

Interpretation

Osmanagić’s interpretation

Osmanagić has named Visočica hill the “Pyramid of the Sun”, and two nearby hills, identified from satellite and aerial photography, the “Pyramid of the Moon” and the “Pyramid of the (Bosnian) Dragon” (and another two, one named the “Pyramid of the Earth”, have been mentioned in reports). Newspaper reports have quoted Osmanagić as claiming that they were constructed by ancient Illyrian inhabitants of the Balkans as early as 12,000 BC. But in an interview with Philip Coppens in Nexus (April-May 2006), Osmanagić attempted to clarify his previous statements, stating he was misquoted: he does claim that they were most likely constructed by the Illyrians, who he claims lived in the area from 12,000 BC to 500 BC, and that the pyramid was therefore most likely constructed between those two dates – not in 12,000 BC.

Osmanagić claims the excavation has produced evidence of building blocks as well as tunnels. Earlier geological work has also indicated that human activity had shaped the hill.[7] Additionally Osmanagić claims to have found tunnels in the hillside which he interprets as ventilation shafts.

Osmanagić believes his discoveries around Visoko will have further implications for world prehistory. By comparing the varying heights of the tallest pyramids in Mexico and Egypt with Visočica hill, he concluded that the pyramids were all built by the same people, with the Bosnian Pyramid being the last to be built. However, upon further thought he has decided that this dating mechanism may not be reliable and has now announced Visočica hill could be “The mother of all Pyramids”, a claim he says would be corroborated by the existence of sacred geometry and further numerological study of messages left in the pyramid for future generations.[8]

Osmanagić estimates that the Sun pyramid stands 722 feet (220m) high (or, depending upon the report, either 230 feet (70m) high or 328 feet (100m) high). If it is 722 feet, it would be one third taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza, making it the largest pyramidal structure on Earth.

The current target of the project is to complete excavation by 2012. This is in order to “break a cloud of negative energy, allowing the Earth to receive cosmic energy from the centre of the galaxy” according to Osmanagić,[9] who also hopes that it will be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.[10]

Expert interpretations

Semir Osmanagić’s claims, widely reported in the mass media, have been challenged by a number of experts, who have accused him of promoting pseudo-scientific notions and damaging archaeological sites with his excavations. Penn State University Professor Garrett Fagan is quoted as saying “They should not be allowed to destroy genuine sites in the pursuit of these delusions[...] It’s as if someone were given permission to bulldoze Stonehenge to find secret chambers of lost ancient wisdom underneath.”[11]

Boston University’s Curtis Runnels, an expert in prehistoric Greece and the Balkans states that, “Between 27,000 and 12,000 years ago, the Balkans were locked in the last Glacial maximum, a period of very cold and dry climate with glaciers in some of the mountain ranges. The only occupants were Upper Paleolithic hunters and gatherers who left behind open-air camp sites and traces of occupation in caves. These remains consist of simple stone tools, hearths, and remains of animals and plants that were consumed for food. These people did not have the tools or skills to engage in the construction of monumental architecture.”[12]

Enver Imamovic of the University of Sarajevo, a former director of the National Museum of Sarajevo, concerned that the excavations will damage historic sites such as the medieval royal capital Visoki, said that the excavations would “irreversibly destroy a national treasure”.[13] Excavations by archaeologists not related to the Foundation in the summer of 2008 uncovered medieval artefacts and led to renewed calls for the government to cancel Osmanagić’s digging permits.[14]

In a letter to the editor of The Times on 25 April 2006, Professor Anthony Harding, president of the European Association of Archaeologists, referred to Osmanagić’s theories as “wacky” and “absurd” and expressed concern that insufficient safeguards were in place to protect Bosnia’s “rich heritage” from “looting and unmonitored or unauthorised development”.[15] After visiting the site himself, Harding reported, “we saw areas of natural stone (a breccia), with fissures and cracks; but no sign of anything that looked like archaeology.”[2]

On May 8, 2006, members of the Geological team investigating Visočica on behalf of the Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation held a press conference in Tuzla to present the results of their research. The academics, from the Faculty of Mining and Geology[16] at the University of Tuzla[17] and led by Professor Dr. Sejfudin Vrabac,[18] concluded that the hill is a natural geological formation, made of classic sediments of layered composition and varying thickness, and that its shape is a consequence of endodynamical and exodynamical processes in post-Miocene era.

According to Professor Vrabac, who specializes in paleogeology, there are dozens of like morphological formations in the Sarajevo-Zenica mining basin alone. The Geological team report on Visocica, based on the data collected in six drill holes at 3 to 17 metre depths, is supported by the Research and Teaching Council of the Faculty of Mining and Geology, as well as the Association of Geologists of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[19]

In June 2006, Zahi Hawass’s name became linked to the excavations[20] as recommending a supposed expert, Aly Abd Alla Barakat, to investigate the hills. Upon being contacted Hawass denied any involvement, accusing Osmanagić of “giving out false information”, and clarifying that Barakat “knows nothing about Egyptian pyramids”.[21]

The Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation has said that Barakat inspected the hills and stated, “My opinion is that this is a type of pyramid, probably a primitive pyramid.”[6][22] In November 2007 an English version of a 2006 report by Barakat was posted on the foundation site. [23] Osmanagić also invited geologist and alternative archaeologist Robert Schoch to visit the site. In a preliminary report he concluded that there were natural geological explanations for all the features claimed to be artificial by Osmanagić. In the case of the tunnels he further added:

    The much-touted “ancient inscriptions” seem not to be ancient at all. I was told by a reliable source that the inscriptions were not there when members of the “pyramid team” initially entered the tunnels less than two years ago. The “ancient inscriptions” had been added since, perhaps non-maliciously, or perhaps as a downright hoax.[24]

Schoch’s website documents “extreme damage being done by the way the excavations are being performed,” and accuses Osmanagić of launching “a deliberate smear campaign.”[25]

References

   1. ^ Pyramid No More, Sub Rosa, Issue 6, Oct 2006.
   2. ^ a b The great Bosnian pyramid scheme by Anthony Harding, British Archaeology November/December 2006
   3. ^ John Bohannon, Mad About Pyramids, Science Magazine, 22 September 2006.
   4. ^ Declaration from the European Association of Archaeologists, 11 Dec 2006
   5. ^ Australian in Bosnia pyramid riddle, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 January 2006
   6. ^ a b Mark Rose, Bosnian “Pyramids” Update, Archaeology Magazine Online, 14 June 2006
   7. ^ N. Nukić, Report on a Geological Survey of “Visočica” Elevation in Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Word document), Archaelogical Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation, November 2005
   8. ^ Osmanagic: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Candidate for “Mother” of all Pyramids, FENA News, 20 April 2005
   9. ^ Energijsko središče sveta?, Misteriji. Accessed 13 July 2006. (Slovenian)
  10. ^ 5-year Plan of Research on Visoko’s Visocica 1 Jan 2006 – 31 Dec 2010, Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation. Accessed 13 July 2006.
  11. ^ Nick Hawton, Indiana Jones of the Balkans and the mystery of a hidden pyramid, Times Online, 15 April 2006
  12. ^ Rose, Mark. “The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection”. Archaeology Magazine Online. URL accessed 2006-04-29.
  13. ^ Lucian Harris, Amateur to dig on site of medieval capital in search of Bosnia’s own Valley of the Kings, The Art Newspaper, 15 April 2006
  14. ^ Archaeologists find medieval artefacts on Mt. Visocica, disparage pyramid seeker[1]
  15. ^ Anthony Harding, Bosnia’s rich heritage, Times Online, 25 April 2006
  16. ^ RGGF / Start (novosti)
  17. ^ University of Tuzla
  18. ^ Untitled Document
  19. ^ Stop Osmanagich NOW!, 08 May, 2006
  20. ^ Bosnian ‘pyramid’ created by nature, say European experts, Yahoo! AFP, June 9 2006.
  21. ^ Letter to Archaeology Magazine (PDF)
  22. ^ Aida Cerkez-Robinson British Expert Nixes Bosnia Pyramid Claim, ABC News
  23. ^ At last, Dr. Barakat’s report, 08 May, 2006
  24. ^ The Bosnian Pyramid Phenomenon, The New Archaeology Review vol 1.8 pp 16-17], September 2006
  25. ^ Articles by Dr. Schoch & Dr. Dowell

External links

• Bosnian pyramid location: 1 2 — Google maps
• Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation — Foundation created by Osmanagic to promote his interpretations (Bosnian)/(English)
• Bosanska Piramida Sunca — Osmanagic’s book on the subject (Bosnian)
• Bosnian pyramids skeptical analysis
• Old Visoki fort, Bosnian National Monument
• Geology of the Bosnian “pyramids”
• BBC News: Europe’s first pyramid? (a few paragraphs down) — very early report, 26 October, 2005
• The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection – from Archaeology magazine April 27, 2006
• Bosnian Pyramids: Absence of Evidence is not Evidence of Atlantis May 29, 2006
• Dr. Hawass’ Letter Concerning Bosnian “Pyramids” June 27, 2006
• More on Bosnian “Pyramids” by Mark Rose June 27, 2006
• Robert Schoch on Alleged Bosnian Pyramids” by Colette M. Dowell August 26, 2006
• “Bosnia’s pyramids: A towering success” August 10, 2006
• “The Bosnian Pyramid Phenomenon” September 2006
• “Mad About Pyramids” September 22, 2006
• “Tourists flock to Bosnian hills but experts mock amateur archaeologist’s pyramid claims” October 5, 2006
• Ancient pyramids discovered in Bosnia – Natural or man-made? December 26, 2006

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article “Bosnian pyramids”

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The newest archeological discovery!

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